Once we properly put together the hardware for the Vortex Cannon, we uploaded code to the ATMega328 microprocessor that would generate a PWM signal causing the speaker to modulate. We then tested many different PWM signals to see which signals would result in and optimal modulation of the speaker. Due to the different frequencies associated with different PWM signals, we chose one that was in the range of frequencies that was not sensitive to the human ear.

After finding an ideal PWM signal, we then built and designed the enclosure of the Vortex Cannon. The enclosure houses the speaker unit and includes the chamber that is filled with smoke to produce smoke rings. However, after building the enclosure we quickly realize that the hole on the other end of the speaker where the smoke rings would come out of was too big. Therefore, we conducted a series of test to determine the proper size hole needed to generate clear smoke rings.

We have included three tables that includes data recorded from three different hole sizes. This information shows the larger the diameter hole, the shorter the distance each smoke ring could travel and the less visibility of each smoke ring. After looking at the results of our tests, we came to the conclusion that a two inch diameter hole was the most effective size for our project. With less power we are able to produce clear smoke rings but at a shorter distance. The more power inputted to the speaker, the farther each smoke ring would travel.